Muammar Gaddafi

The Pope's Kissinger Martin Kramer, Sandbox. As a Vatican diplomat, Cardinal Sergio Pignedoli sought to improve relations with the Islamic world.  But his signing a statement condemning Zionism in 1976 cost him the papacy.

The Age of Islamism Hussein Agha, Robert Malley, New York Review of Books. Far from being a democratic revolution, the fall of autocracies across the Arab world represents Islamism’s final victory over Arab nationalism—and the beginning of a project to restore the caliphate.

Who is an Arab Jew? Albert Memmi, Israel Academic Committee on the Middle East. “The much vaunted idyllic life of the Jews in Arab lands is a myth! The truth, since I am obliged to return to it, is that from the outset we were a minority in a hostile environment.” (1975)